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Science of Consciousness :: Visual Consciousness :: Binocular Rivalry

Blake, R. R. (2001). A Primer on binocular rivalry, including current controversies. Brain and Mind 2:5-38.   (Cited by 37 | Google | More links | Edit)
Cosmelli, Diego J. & Thompson, Evan (online). Mountains and valleys: Binocular rivalry and the flow of experience.   (Google | Edit)
Abstract: Binocular rivalry provides a useful situation for studying the relation between the temporal flow of conscious experience and the temporal dynamics of neural activity. After proposing a phenomenological framework for understanding temporal aspects of consciousness, we review experimental research on multistable perception and binocular rivalry, singling out various methodological, theoretical, and empirical aspects of this research relevant to studying the flow of experience. We then review an experimental study from our group explicitly concerned with relating the temporal dynamics of rivalrous experience to the temporal dynamics of cortical activity. Drawing attention to the importance of dealing with ongoing activity and its inherent changing nature at both phenomenological and neurodynamical levels, we argue that the notions of recurrence and variability are pertinent to understanding rivalry in particular and the flow of experience in general
Haynes, J. D.; Deichmann, R. & Rees, G. (2005). Eye-specific effects of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 438 (7069):496-9.   (Cited by 22 | Google | More links | Edit)
Haynes, John-Dylan & Rees, Geraint (2005). Predicting the stream of consciousness from activity in human visual cortex. Current Biology 15 (14):1301-7.   (Cited by 20 | Google | More links | Edit)
Kanai, Ryota; Moradi, Farshad; Shimojo, Shinsuke & Verstraten, Frans A. J. (2005). Perceptual alternation induced by visual transients. Perception 34 (7):803-822.   (Cited by 8 | Google | More links | Edit)
Abstract: When our visual system is confronted with ambiguous stimuli, the perceptual interpretation spontaneously alternates between the competing incompatible interpretations. The timing of such perceptual alternations is highly stochastic and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that perceptual alternations can be triggered by a transient stimulus presented nearby. The induction was tested for four types of bistable stimuli: structure-from-motion, binocular rivalry, Necker cube, and ambiguous apparent motion. While underlying mechanisms may vary among them, a transient flash induced time-locked perceptual alternations in all cases. The effect showed a dependency on the adaptation to the dominant percept prior to the presentation of a flash. These perceptual alternations show many similarities to perceptual disappearances induced by transient stimuli (Kanai & Kamitani, 2003, Moradi & Shimojo, 2004). Mechanisms linking these two transient induced phenomena are discussed
Kobayashi, T. & Kato, K. (2002). Reactivity of human cortical oscillations reflecting conscious perception in binocular rivalry. In Kunio Yasue, Marj Jibu & Tarcisio Della Senta (eds.), No Matter, Never Mind. John Benjamins.   (Google | Edit)
Kovacs, Ilona; Papathomas, Thomas; Yang, Ming & Feher, Akos (1997). When the brain changes its mind: Interocular grouping during binocular rivalry. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38 (4):2249-2249.   (Cited by 95 | Google | More links | Edit)
Leopold, David A. & Logothetis, Nikos K. (1996). Activity changes in early visual cortex reflect monkeys' percepts during binocular rivalry. Nature 379 (6565):549-553.   (Cited by 396 | Google | More links | Edit)
Leopold, David A. & Logothetis, Nikos K. (1999). Multistable phenomena: Changing views in perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (7):254-264.   (Cited by 196 | Google | More links | Edit)
Abstract: Traditional explanations of multistable visual phenomena (e.g. ambiguous figures, perceptual rivalry) suggest that the basis for spontaneous reversals in perception lies in antagonistic connectivity within the visual system. In this review, we suggest an alternative, albeit speculative, explanation for visual multistability – that spontaneous alternations reflect responses to active, programmed events initiated by brain areas that integrate sensory and non-sensory information to coordinate a diversity of behaviors. Much evidence suggests that perceptual reversals are themselves more closely related to the expression of a behavior than to passive sensory responses: (1) they are initiated spontaneously, often voluntarily, and are influenced by subjective variables such as attention and mood; (2) the alternation process is greatly facilitated with practice and compromised by lesions in non-visual cortical areas; (3) the alternation process has temporal dynamics similar to those of spontaneously initiated behaviors; (4) functional imaging reveals that brain areas associated with a variety of cognitive behaviors are specifically activated when vision becomes unstable. In this scheme, reorganizations of activity throughout the visual cortex, concurrent with perceptual reversals, are initiated by higher, largely non-sensory brain centers. Such direct intervention in the processing of the sensory input by brain structures associated with planning and motor programming might serve an important role in perceptual organization, particularly in aspects related to selective attention
Leopold, David A.; Maier, Alexander & Logothetis, Nikos K. (2003). Measuring subjective visual perception in the nonhuman primate. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10 (9-10):115-130.   (Cited by 5 | Google | More links | Edit)
Logothetis, Nikos K. (1999). Binocular rivalry: A window onto consciousness. Scientific American.   (Google | Edit)
Logothetis, Nikos K. & Schall, Jeffrey D. (1989). Neuronal correlates of subjective visual perception. Science 245:761-63.   (Cited by 222 | Google | More links | Edit)
Logothetis, Nikos K. & Leopold, David A. (1998). Single-neuron activity and visual perception. In Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak & A. C. Scott (eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness II. MIT Press.   (Cited by 2 | Google | Edit)
Logothetis, Nikos K.; Leopold, David A. & Sheinberg, D. L. (1996). What is rivalling during binocular rivalry? Nature 30 (6575):621-624.   (Cited by 211 | Google | More links | Edit)
Lumer, E. D. (2000). Binocular rivalry and human visual awareness. In Thomas Metzinger (ed.), Neural Correlates of Consciousness. MIT Press.   (Cited by 44 | Google | Edit)
Lumer, E. D.; Friston, K. J. & Rees, Geraint (1998). Neural correlates of perceptual rivalry in the human brain. Science 280 (5371):1930-1934.   (Cited by 271 | Google | More links | Edit)
Macknik, Stephen L. & Martinez-Conde, Susana (2004). Dichoptic visual masking reveals that early binocular neurons exhibit weak interocular suppression: Implications for binocular vision and visual awareness. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16 (6):1049-1059.   (Google | Edit)
Miller, S. M. (2001). Binocular rivalry and the cerebral hemispheres, with a note on the correlates and constitution of visual consciousness. Brain and Mind 2:119-49.   (Cited by 8 | Google | More links | Edit)
Pearson, Joel & Clifford, Colin W. G. (2004). Determinants of visual awareness following interruptions during rivalry. Journal of Vision 4 (3):196-202.   (Cited by 9 | Google | More links | Edit)
Taya, Fumihiko & Mogi, Ken (2005). Spatio-temporal dynamics of the visual system revealed in binocular rivalry. Neuroscience Letters 381 (1-2):63-68.   (Google | More links | Edit)
Abstract: From the evolutionary viewpoint, animals need to monitor the surrounding environment and capture salient features, such as motion, for survival. The visual system is highly developed for monitoring a wide area of visual field and capturing such salient features. In humans and primates, there is a wide binocular field, suggesting a necessity of integrating the images from the two eyes. Binocular rivalry [R. Blake, A neural theory of binocular rivalry, Psychol. Rev. 96 (1989) 145–167; R. Blake, N.K. Logothetis, Visual competition, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 13–21], where incompatible inputs from the two eyes compete to emerge in the subject’s visual percept, has been shown to exhibit highly adaptive behavior [I. Kovacs, T.V. Parathomas, M. Yang, A. Feher, When the brain changes its mind: interocular grouping during binocular rivalry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 15508–15511; N.K. Logothetis, Single units and conscious vision, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 353 (1998) 1801–1818]. Here we investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of the ocular dominance pattern in binocular rivalry under conditions where conflicting salient features were presented in a temporally varying manner. We found a striking example of the detailed structure of the dominance wave propagation, by using a spatio-temporal sampling method. The data show in detail the ability of the visual system to dynamically adapt to the changing stimuli in the context of the massively parallel visual field. We show by model prediction that the globally coherent dominance change in the presence of multiple stimuli can be explained by a mechanism based on local saliency comparison. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
Tong, Frank; Nakayama, K.; Vaughan, J. T. & Kanwisher, Nancy (1998). Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex. Neuron 21:753-59.   (Cited by 298 | Google | More links | Edit)
Tong, Frank (2001). Competing theories of binocular rivalry: A possible resolution. Brain and Mind 2:55-83.   (Cited by 27 | Google | More links | Edit)
Tsuchiya, Naotsugu & Koch, Christof (2005). Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages. Nature Neuroscience 8 (8):1096-1101.   (Cited by 19 | Google | More links | Edit)
Abstract: Illusions that produce perceptual suppression despite constant retinal input are used to manipulate visual consciousness. Here we report on a powerful variant of existing techniques, Continuous Flash Suppression. Distinct images flashed successively around 10 Hz into one eye reliably suppress an image presented to the other eye. Compared to binocular rivalry, the duration of perceptual suppression increased more than 10-fold. Using this tool we show that the strength of the negative afterimage of an adaptor was reduced by half when it was perceptually suppressed by input from the other eye. The more likely the adaptor was completely suppressed, the larger the reduction of the afterimage intensity. Paradoxically, trial-to-trial visibility of the adaptor did not correlate with the degree of suppression. Our results imply that formation of afterimages involves neuronal structures that access input from both eyes, but that do not correspond directly to the neuronal correlates of perceptual awareness

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