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Science of Consciousness :: Disorders and Syndromes of Consciousness :: Vegetative States and Coma

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-, - (1995). Recommendations for the use of uniform nomenclature pertinent to patients with severe alterations in consciousness. Arch Phys Med Rehabilation 76:205-209.   (Google | Edit)
Beaumont, J. Graham & Kenealy, Pamela M. (2005). Incidence and prevalence of the vegetative and minimally conscious states. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 15 (3):184-189.   (Cited by 1 | Google | More links | Edit)
Bekinschtein, Tristan; Tiberti, Cecilia; Niklison, Jorge; Tamashiro, Mercedes; Ron, Melania; Carpintiero, Silvina; Villarreal, Mirta; Forcato, Cecilia; Leiguarda, Ramon & Manes, Facundo (2005). Assessing level of consciousness and cognitive changes from vegetative state to full recovery. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. Vol 15 (3-4):307-322.   (Cited by 2 | Google | More links | Edit)
Bernat, James L. (2006). The concept and practice of brain death. In Steven Laureys (ed.), Boundaries of Consciousness. Elsevier.   (Cited by 5 | Google | Edit)
Botros, Sophie (1995). Acts, omissions, and keeping patients alive in a persistent vegetative state. In Philosophy and Technology. New York: Cambridge University Press.   (Google | Edit)
Coleman, Diane; Shewmon, D. Alan & Giacino, J. T. (2002). "The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria": Comments and reply. Neurology 58 (3):506-507.   (Google | Edit)
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Graham, D. I.; Maxwell, W. L.; Adams, J. H. & Jennett, Bryan (2006). Novel aspects of the neuropathology of the vegetative state after Blunt head. In Steven Laureys (ed.), Boundaries of Consciousness. Elsevier.   (Google | Edit)
Greenberg, Daniel L. (2007). Comment on "detecting awareness in the vegetative state". Science 315 (5816).   (Cited by 1 | Google | More links | Edit)
Jennett, Bryan (2006). 30 years of the vegetative state: Clinical, ethical and legal problems. In Steven Laureys (ed.), Boundaries of Consciousness. Elsevier.   (Google | Edit)
Jennett, Bryan (2002). The Vegetative State: Medical Facts, Ethical and Legal Dilemmas. Cambridge University Press.   (Cited by 81 | Google | More links | Edit)
Jouvet, M. (1969). Coma and other disorders of consciousness. In P. Vinken & G. Bruyn (eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology. North Holland.   (Cited by 20 | Google | Edit)
Kobylarz, Erik J. & Schiff, Nicholas D. (2005). Neurophysiological correlates of persistent vegetative and minimally conscious states. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. Vol 15 (3-4):323-332.   (Cited by 5 | Google | More links | Edit)
Laureys, Steven; Majerus, S. & Moonen, Gustave (online). Assessing consciousness in critically ill patients.   (Cited by 11 | Google | Edit)
Laureys, Steven; Owen, Adrian M. & Schiff, Nicholas D. (2004). Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurology 3:537-546.   (Cited by 54 | Google | More links | Edit)
Laureys, Steven (2005). The neural correlate of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (12):556-559.   (Cited by 14 | Google | More links | Edit)
Machado, C. & Shewmon, D. E. (eds.) (2004). Brain Death and Disorders of Consciousness. Plenum.   (Cited by 2 | Google | More links | Edit)
Nachev Parashkev, & Husain, Masud (2007). Comment on "detecting awareness in the vegetative state". Science 315 (5816).   (Google | Edit)
Owen, Adrian M.; Coleman, Martin R.; Boly, Melanie; Davis, Matthew H.; Laureys, Steven; Jolles, Dietsje & Pickard, John D. (2006). Detecting awareness in the conscious state. Science 313:1402.   (Google | Edit)
Owen, Adrian M.; Coleman, Martin R.; Boly, Melanie; Davis, Matthew H.; Laureys, Steven; Jolles, Dietsje & Pickard, John D. (2007). Response to comments on "detecting awareness in the vegetative state". Science 315 (5816).   (Google | More links | Edit)
Owen, Adrian M.; Coleman, Martin R.; Menon, D. K.; Berry, E. L.; Johnsrude, I. S.; Rodd, J. M.; Davis, Matthew H. & Pickard, John D. (2006). Using a hierarchical approach to investigate residual auditory cognition in persistent vegetative state. In Steven Laureys (ed.), Boundaries of Consciousness. Elsevier.   (Cited by 8 | Google | Edit)
Owen, Adrian M.; Coleman, Martin R.; Boly, Melanie; Davis, Matthew H.; Laureys, Steven & Pickard, John D. (2007). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect Covert awareness in the vegetative state. Archives of Neurology 64 (8):1098-1102.   (Google | Edit)
Posner, J. B. (1978). Coma and other states of consciousness: The differential diagnosis of brain death. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 315:215-27.   (Cited by 7 | Google | Edit)
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Schiff, Nicholas D. (2006). Multimodal neuroimaging approaches to disorders of consciousness. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. Special Issue 21 (5):388-397.   (Cited by 1 | Google | More links | Edit)
Schnakers, Caroline; Giacino, Joseph; Kalmar, Kathleen; Piret, Sonia; Lopez, Eduardo; Boly, Mélanie; Malone, Richard & Laureys, Steven (2006). Does the FOUR score correctly diagnose the vegetative and minimally conscious states? Annals of Neurology 60 (6):744-745.   (Cited by 1 | Google | Edit)
Schotsmans, P. (1993). The patient in a persistent vegetative state: An ethical re-appraisal. Bijdragen, Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie En Theologie 54 (1):2-18.   (Cited by 3 | Google | More links | Edit)
Seifert, Josef (2004). Consciousness, mind, brain, and death. In C. Machado & D. Shewmon (eds.), Brain Death and Disorders of Consciousness. Plenum.   (Cited by 2 | Google | More links | Edit)
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Sharova, E. V. (2005). Electrographic correlates of brain reactions to afferent stimuli in postcomatose unconscious states after severe brain injury. Human Physiology 31 (3):245-254.   (Google | Edit)
Shewmon, D. A.; Holmes, G. L. & Byrne, P. A. (1999). Consciousness in congenitally decorticate children: Developmental vegetative state as self-fulfilling prophecy. Dev Med Child Neurol 41:364-374.   (Cited by 27 | Google | More links | Edit)
Smythies, J. R. (1999). The biochemical basis of coma. Psycoloquy 10 (26).   (Cited by 4 | Google | More links | Edit)
Abstract: Current research on the neural basis of consciousness is based mainly on neuroimaging, physiology and psychophysics. This target article reviews what is known about biochemical factors that may contribute to the development of consciousness, based on loss of consciousness (i.e., coma). There are two theories of the biochemical mode of action of general anaesthetics. One is that anaesthesia is a direct (i.e., not receptor-mediated) effect of the anaesthetic on cellular neurophysiological function; the other is that some alteration of receptor function occurs. General anaesthetics are mainly GABA agonists but some (such as ketamine) are glutamate antagonists. They also affect other systems, particularly cholinergic ones. There are various comas of metabolic origin. For example, a combination of small doses of the iron chelators desferrioxamine and prochlorperazine induce a profound and long lasting coma in humans. The mechanisms that might mediate this include redox mechanisms at the glutamate synapse, post-synaptic endocytosis of dopamine and iron, and intracellular iron-dopamine complexes, which are powerful dismuters of the superoxide anion. New findings in cell biology relating to endocytosis and recycling of receptors are discussed in a wider context. These biochemical events may induce coma by two mechanisms: (i) Consciousness may depend on widespread cortical (or cortico-thalamic) activation. (ii) Whereas these biochemical changes are widespread, only the changes in a subset of consciousness' neurons may count. An experimental program to distinguish between these two alternatives is proposed
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Sullivan, Philip R. (1996). Physicians and the problem of other consciousnesses. Southern Journal of Philosophy 34 (1):115-123.   (Google | Edit)
Teasdale, Graham & Jennett, Bryan (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. Lancet 2:81-84.   (Cited by 430 | Google | Edit)
Teasdale, Graham; Knill-Jones, R. & van der Sande, J. (1978). Observer variability in assessing impaired consciousness and coma. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 41:603-610.   (Cited by 74 | Google | More links | Edit)
van de Kelft E., Segnarbieux F.; Candon E., Couchet P. & Frerebeau P., Daures J. P. (1994). Clinical recovery of consciousness after traumatic coma. Critical Care Medicine 22:1108-13.   (Google | Edit)
Wijdicks, Eelco F. M.; Bamlet, William R.; Maramattom, Boby V.; Manno, Edward M. & McClelland, Robyn L. (2006). Does the FOUR score correctly diagnose the vegetative and minimally conscious states?: Reply. Annals of Neurology 60 (6):745.   (Google | Edit)
Young, Andrew W. (2003). Face recognition with and without awareness. In Axel Cleeremans (ed.), The Unity of Consciousness. Oxford University Press.   (Google | Edit)
Young, G. B.; Ropper, A. H. & Bolton, C. F. (1998). Coma and Impaired Consciousness: A Clinical Perspective. McGraw-Hill.   (Cited by 18 | Google | More links | Edit)

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