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Science of consciousness :: Unconscious and conscious processes :: Consciousness and anesthesia

• Eric Eich, J. L. Reeves & R. L. Katz (1985). Anesthesia, amnesia, and the memory/awareness distinction.   (More)
  Additional links for this entry:
  http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.com/cgi/content/abstract/64/12/1143
  http://www.anesthesiaandanalgesia.com/cgi/content/abstract/64/12/1143
  http://www.anesthesiaanalgesia.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/12/1143
  http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/12/1143
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4061894&dopt=Citation
  
• Prashant Gajwani, David Muzina, Kerning Gao & Joseph Calabrese (2006). Awareness under anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy treatment.   (More)
  Additional links for this entry:
  http://www.ectjournal.com/pt/re/ject/fulltext.00124509-200606000-00018.htm
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16801837&dopt=Citation
  
• Stuart Hameroff (2001). Anesthesia: The "other side" of consciousness.   (More)
  Additional links for this entry:
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11414716&dopt=Citation
  http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/10538100/2001/00000010/00000002/art90512
  
• Stuart Hameroff (2006). The entwined mysteries of anesthesia and consciousness.   (Abstract & more)
  Abstract: feelings (brainstem, limbic system). The best scientific synchrony and consciousness.21,27 Anesthesiology, V 105, No 2, Aug 2006
  Additional links for this entry:
  http://www.anesthesiology.org/pt/re/anes/abstract.00000542-200608000-00024.htm
  http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/documents/twined_000.pdf
  http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/documents/twined_001.pdf
  http://www.anesthesiology.org/pt/re/anes/fulltext.00000542-200608000-00024.htm
  http://www.quantum-mind.org/documents/twined_000.pdf
  http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/documents/twined.pdf
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16871075&dopt=Citation
  
• George Mashour (2004). Consciousness unbound: Toward a paradigm of general anesthesia.   (More)
  Additional links for this entry:
  http://www.anesthesiology.org/pt/re/anes/fulltext.00000542-200402000-00035.htm
  http://www.anesthesiology.org/pt/re/anes/abstract.00000542-200402000-00035.htm
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14739820&dopt=Citation
  
• George Mashour & Eric LaRock (forthcoming). Inverse Zombies, Anesthesia Awareness, and the Hard Problem of Unconsciousness.   (Abstract & more)
  Abstract: Philosophical (p-) zombies are constructs that possess all of the behavioral features and responses of a sentient human being, yet are not conscious. P-zombies are intimately linked to the hard problem of consciousness and have been invoked as arguments against physicalist approaches. But what if we were to invert the characteristics of p-zombies? Such an inverse (i-) zombie would possess all of the behavioral features and responses of an insensate being yet would nonetheless be conscious. While p-zombies are logically possible but naturally improbable, an approximation of i-zombies actually exists: individuals experiencing what is referred to as “anesthesia awareness.” Patients under general anesthesia may be intubated (preventing speech), paralyzed (preventing movement), and narcotized (minimizing response to nociceptive stimuli). Thus, they appear—and typically are—unconscious. In 1-2 cases/1000, however, patients may be aware of intraoperative events, sometimes without any objective indices. Furthermore, a much higher percentage of patients (22% in a recent study) may have the subjective experience of dreaming during general anesthesia. P-zombies confront us with the hard problem of consciousness—how do we explain the presence of qualia? I-zombies present a more practical problem—how do we detect the presence of qualia? The current investigation compares p-zombies to i-zombies and explores the “hard problem” of unconsciousness with a focus on anesthesia awareness.
• Philip Merikle & M. Daneman (1996). Memory for unconsciously perceived events: Evidence from anesthetized patients.   (More)
  Additional links for this entry:
  http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pmerikle/papers/Merikle.ConsCogn.1996.pdf
  http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~mozer/courses/3702/readings/MerikleDaneman1996.pdf
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9063614&dopt=Citation
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9063614&dopt=Abstract
  http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/cc/1996/00000005/00000004/art00031
  
• G. Plourde (2001). Identifying the neural correlates of consciousness: Strategies with general anesthetics.   (More)
  Additional links for this entry:
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11414719&dopt=Citation
  http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/10538100/2001/00000010/00000002/art90515
  http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/cc/2001/00000010/00000002/art00515
  

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